ʻO Glyphosate, Paraquat, a me Glufosinate-ammonium nā lāʻau lapaʻau biocidal nui ʻekolu. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kona mau hiʻohiʻona ponoʻī. Aneane hiki i nā mea ulu āpau ke haʻi i kekahi o lākou, akā ʻaʻole kakaikahi nā hōʻuluʻulu a me nā hōʻuluʻulu piha. Pono lākou e hōʻuluʻulu a maʻalahi e hoʻopaʻanaʻau.
Glyphosate
ʻO Glyphosate kahi organophosphorus-type systemic conductive broad-spectrum, biocidal, herbicide haʻahaʻa. Hoʻopili nui ia i ka enolacetyl shikimate phosphate synthase i loko o nā mea kanu, a laila ke kāohi nei i ka hoʻololi ʻana o shikidomin i phenylalanine a me tyrosine. A ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o tryptophan, ka mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka synthesis protein a alakaʻi i ka make kanu. Loaʻa i ka Glyphosate ka hoʻokele ʻōnaehana ikaika loa. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopili wale ʻia a hoʻoili ʻia i nā ʻāpana o lalo ma o nā ʻōpala a me nā lau, akā hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia ma waena o nā mea mahiʻai like ʻole o ka mea kanu hoʻokahi. He hopena pepehi ikaika ia i nā ʻiʻo o lalo o ka mauʻu i aʻa hohonu a hiki ke hōʻea i ka hohonu i hiki ʻole i nā mīkini mahiʻai maʻamau ke hiki. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka lepo, hui koke ka lāʻau lapaʻau me ka hao, aluminika a me nā ion metala ʻē aʻe a nalowale ka hana. ʻAʻohe hopena ʻino i nā hua a me nā microorganism i ka lepo a palekana no nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe a me nā mea ola pono.
He kūpono ka Glyphosate no ka weeding i loko o nā kīhāpai e like me nā ʻāpala, pears, a me nā hua citrus, a me nā māla mulberry, nā māla pulupulu, ʻaʻole hiki i ka kulina, ʻaʻole i hoʻohua pololei ʻia ka raiki, nā māla lāʻau, nā ʻāina fallow, nā alanui, a pēlā aku. e hoʻomalu pono i nā mauʻu makahiki a me nā mauʻu mauʻu, nā ʻōpala a me nā lau lau ākea. No kekahi mau nāhelehele kūpa'a loa ma Liliaceae, Convolvulaceae a me Leguminosae, hiki ke ho'omalu pono 'ia ka ho'onui 'ana.
Paraquat
ʻO ka Paraquat kahi lāʻau lapaʻau wikiwiki e hoʻopili ai i ka mea i loaʻa ka hopena luku ikaika i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu. E hoʻomaka ana nā lau weed e pōʻino a ʻeleʻele i nā hola 2-3 ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka herbicide. ʻAʻohe hopena conduction systemic ka lāʻau a hiki ke hōʻino wale i ke kahua o ka noi, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻino i nā aʻa mea kanu a me nā hua huna i ka lepo. No laila, ulu hou ka nahele ma hope o ka noi ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki ke komo i ka ʻili suberized. Ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka lepo, e hoʻopili ʻia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia. He mea kaulana loa ka Paraquat ma muli o kona mau pono e like me ka hopena wikiwiki, ke kū'ē i ka ua, a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, he mea ʻawaʻawa loa ia a pōʻino loa i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. I ka wā i make ai, ʻaʻohe lāʻau lapaʻau kūikawā.
Glufosinate-ammonium
1. Loaʻa iā ia ka laulā o nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Nui nā mauʻu i pili i ka Glufosinate-ammonium. ʻO kēia mau nāhelehele he: cowgrass, bluegrass, sedge, bermudagrass, barnyard grass, ryegrass, bentgrass, rice sedge, Special-shaped sedge, crabgrass, wild licorice, false stinkweed, kulina mauʻu, roughleaf pua mauʻu, mauʻu lele, amaranth hihiu, sedge, ʻO ka mauʻu lotus hollow (revolutionary mauʻu), chickweed, lele liʻiliʻi, makuahōnōwai wahine, lio Amaranth, Brachiaria, Viola, field bindweed, Polygonum, ʻeke kahu hipa, chicory, plantain, ranunculus, hanu pēpē, European Senecio, etc.
2. Nā hiʻohiʻona hana koʻikoʻi. ʻAʻole pono ʻo Glufosinate-ammonium i ka ua no 6 mau hola ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana e hoʻonui i kona pono. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kula, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e nā microorganism lepo, ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻōnaehana kumu ke hoʻomoʻa iā ia a liʻiliʻi paha. ʻO nā kumu a me nā lau Ma hope o ka mālama ʻana, hoʻomohala koke nā lau i ka phytotoxicity, no laila ke kaupalena ʻia ka lawe ʻana o Glufosinate-ammonium i ka phloem a me xylem. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, a me ka nui o ka māmā māmā e hāpai i ka absorption o Glufosinate-ammonium a hoʻonui nui i ka hana. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka 5% (W/V) ammonium sulfate i ka hopena spray hiki ke hāpai i ka absorption o Glufosinate-ammonium a hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hana o Glufosinate-ammonium ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka naʻau o kahi ʻano mea kanu i ka Glufosinate-ammonium e pili ana i kā lākou absorption o herbicides, no laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena synergistic o ka ammonium sulfate i nā nāhelehele me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
3. Mālama ka ʻāina, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa koke ʻia ʻo Glufosinate-ammonium e nā microorganism i loko o ka lepo, a ʻo kona leaching ma ka hapa nui o ka lepo ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 knm. ʻO ka wai lepo i loaʻa e pili ana i kona adsorption a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana, a i ka hopena e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka carbon dioxide. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā koena i ka ʻohi ʻana i nā mea kanu a ʻo ka hapalua o ke ola he 3-7 mau lā. 32 mau lā ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ke kumu a me ka lau, ma kahi o 10% -20% o nā mea hoʻohui a me nā huahana degradation i noho i ka lepo, a ma nā lā 295, ua kokoke ke koena pae i ka 0. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka palekana o ke kaiapuni, ka hapalua o ke ola a me ka neʻe maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ka lepo e hana ai i ka Glufosinate-ammonium he kūpono hoʻi no ka ulu lāʻau.
4. Nā manaʻo ākea. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o Glufosinate-ammonium i kahi ʻano herbicidal ākea, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa koke ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā mea ola ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, he mea koʻikoʻi ke hoʻohana ʻana ia mea ma ke ʻano he herbicide koho ma hope o ka puka ʻana i nā māla mahiʻai. ʻenehana Bioengineering Hāʻawi kēia i ka hiki. I kēia manawa, ʻo Glufosinate-ammonium ka lua wale nō ma mua o Glyphosate i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā mea kanu herbicide-resistant i hoʻololi ʻia. I kēia manawa, ʻo Glufosinate-ammonium-resistant genetically modified crops e pili ana i ka rape, ke kulina, ka soybean, ka pulupulu, ke kō, ka raiki, ka bale, ka palaoa, rai, uala, raiki, etc. Wahi a nā ʻikepili ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka Glufosinate-ammonium ke pale a hoʻopaʻa i ka maʻi blight sheath sheath a hōʻemi i nā kolone āna i hana ai. He hana kiʻekiʻe kona e kūʻē i nā haʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ka sheath blight, sclerotinia a me pythium wilt, a hiki ke pale a mālama iā ia i ka manawa like. Nā mauu a me nā maʻi fungal i nā mea kanu transgenic Glufosinate-ammonium. ʻO ka pāpaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano maʻamau o Glufosinate-ammonium ma nā māla soybean transgenic kūʻē i ka Glufosinate-ammonium-resistant he hopena pale i ka maʻi soybean Pseudomonas infestans a hiki ke kāohi a hoʻopaneʻe paha i ka ulu ʻana o ka bacteria. No ka mea, loaʻa iā Glufosinate-ammonium nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana kiʻekiʻe, absorption maikaʻi, ākea herbicidal spectrum, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ʻo ia kekahi herbicide maikaʻi loa ma hope o Glyphosate.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-26-2024
