Nā ʻano a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā maʻi kanu

1. Manaʻo o nā maʻi kanu

ʻO ka maʻi kanu kahi mea i hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ai nā hana physiological maʻamau o kahi mea kanu a hōʻike ia i nā mea ʻino i ka physiology a me nā hiʻohiʻona ma muli o ke keakea mau ʻana e nā meaola pathogenic a i ʻole nā ​​kūlana kūlohelohe ʻino, ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ke degere e hiki ai i ka mea kanu ke ʻae. ʻO kēia haʻalele ʻana mai ke kūlana maʻamau o ka mea kanu ke ʻano o ka maʻi. Hōʻike nui ʻia nā hopena o nā maʻi mea kanu i nā hana physiological o nā mea kanu ma nā ʻano ʻehiku:

ʻO ka lawe ʻana i ka wai a me nā minerala: hiki i nā maʻi ke pale i ka ʻōnaehana aʻa o ka mea kanu mai ka lawe ʻana i ka wai a me nā minerala, e pili ana i ka lawe maʻamau o ka wai a me nā meaʻai.

Photosynthesis: hiki i nā maʻi ke hoʻopilikia i ka pono photosynthetic o nā lau mea kanu a hoʻemi i ka hana ʻana o nā huahana photosynthetic.

Ka lawe ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai: hiki i nā maʻi ke hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻoili maʻamau a me ka lawe ʻana i nā meaʻai i loko o ka mea kanu.

Ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana: hiki i nā maʻi ke keʻakeʻa i ka ulu maʻamau o nā mea kanu.

ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka mālama ʻana i nā huahana (hua): hiki i nā maʻi ke hoʻemi i ka hua o ka mea kanu a pili i ka hoʻihoʻi waiwai.

ʻO ka ʻai ʻana, hydrolysis a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i nā huahana (maikaʻi): Hiki i nā maʻi ke hoʻopōʻino i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu, me ka emi ʻana o ka waiwai ma ka mākeke.

Ka hanu ana: hiki i nā maʻi ke hoʻonui i ka hanu mea kanu a ʻai i nā mea ola.

2. Nā ʻano maʻi kanu

Nui nā ʻano maʻi kanu me nā kumu etiologic like ʻole e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā maʻi kanu i nā maʻi invasive a me nā maʻi ʻole e like me ke ʻano kumu.

ʻO nā maʻi lele

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā maʻi invasive e nā microorganism pathogenic, hiki ke lawe ʻia ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea kanu-i-mea kanu, nā iniseti, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia mau maʻi e like me kēia.

ʻO nā maʻi fungal: nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā haʻani, e like me ka poni hina hina o ka tōmato. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā maʻi fungal e ka necrosis, pala, a me ka pulu ma nā ʻiʻo mea kanu.

Nā maʻi bacteria: nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi bacteria, e like me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi bacterial watermelon. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā maʻi bacteria e nā kiko wai, ka pala, a me ke kahe ʻana o ka pus.

Nā maʻi nematode: nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā nematodes, e like me ka maʻi nematode root-knot nematode. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā maʻi Nematode ma ke ʻano he galls ma ke aʻa, dwarfing mea kanu, a pēlā aku.

ʻO nā maʻi maʻi: nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi maʻi, e like me ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ʻōmaʻomaʻo lau melemele. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā maʻi virus e like me nā pua lau, dwarfing, etc.

ʻO nā maʻi lāʻau parasitic: nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā mea kanu parasitic, e like me ka maʻi dodder. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā maʻi kanu parasitic e ka mea kanu parasitic e kāʻei iā ia iho a puni ka mea kanu hoʻokipa a omo i kāna mau meaʻai.

ʻO nā maʻi lele ʻole

Hoʻokumu ʻia nā maʻi non-invasive e nā kūlana kaiapuni a i ʻole nā ​​pilikia me ka mea kanu ponoʻī. ʻO ia mau maʻi e like me kēia.

Nā maʻi hoʻoilina a i ʻole physiological: nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mea kanu ponoʻī a i ʻole nā ​​​​maʻi kīnā ʻole.

ʻO nā maʻi i hoʻopōʻino ʻia e nā kumu kino: ʻO nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kumu kino e like me ke kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa o ka lewa, ka makani, ka ua, ka uila, ka huahekili, a pēlā aku.

ʻO nā maʻi i hoʻopōʻino ʻia e nā kumu kemika: ʻO nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka nui a i ʻole ka lawa ʻole o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea momona, haumia o ka lewa a me ka lepo me nā mea ʻawaʻawa, hoʻohana pono ʻole i nā pesticides a me nā kemika.
Nā memo
ʻO nā maʻi maʻi: nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā microorganism pathogenic (e like me ka fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, parasitic plants, etc.), he maʻi maʻi.

ʻO nā maʻi maʻi ʻole: ʻO nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā kūlana kūlohelohe ʻino a i ʻole nā ​​pilikia o ka mea kanu ponoʻī, ʻaʻole ia he maʻi maʻi.

3. ʻIke i nā maʻi kanu

Ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi kanu, ʻo ka mea mua e hana ai, ʻo ia ka hoʻoholo pololei ʻana i ka mea kanu maʻi, i mea e noi ai i nā hana hoʻomalu kūpono e hōʻemi i nā poho i hana ʻia e nā maʻi kanu.

Kaʻina hana diagnostic

ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka maʻi mea kanu ma ke ʻano he:

Ka ʻike a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hōʻailona maʻi kanu: E nānā a hoʻopaʻa i nā hōʻailona maʻi i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea kanu.

Nīnau ʻana i ka mōʻaukala maʻi a me ka nānā ʻana i nā moʻolelo pili: e aʻo e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala maʻi o ka mea kanu a me nā ʻike pili.

Ka laʻana a me ka nānā ʻana (microscopy and dissection): E hōʻiliʻili i nā laʻana o nā mea kanu maʻi no ka nānā ʻana a me ka wehe ʻana.

Hana i nā hoʻokolohua kikoʻī: Hana i nā hoʻokolohua kikoʻī, e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā kemika a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻokolohua biological, inā pono.

E kahakiʻi i nā hopena me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu: e hoʻoholo i ke kumu o ka maʻi i kēlā me kēia pae ma ka hoʻopau ʻana.

Kānāwai Koch.

Pono e hōʻoia ʻia ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā maʻi invasive a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā pathogens ma o ka hahai ʻana i ke kānāwai Koch, i wehewehe ʻia ma lalo nei:

ʻO ka hele ʻana o kahi microorganism pathogenic e hele pinepine me ka mea kanu maʻi.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia kēia microorganism ma ka ʻaoʻao kaʻawale a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokalakupua e loaʻa ai kahi moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe ma luna o kahi mea kanu olakino o nā ʻano like a ʻike ʻia kahi maʻi me nā hōʻailona like.

Loaʻa ka moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe ma ka hoʻokaʻawale hou ʻana mai ka mea kanu maʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā ʻano like me ka inoculum.

Inā hoʻokō ʻia kēia kaʻina ʻike ʻehā a loaʻa nā hōʻike paʻa, hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia ka microorganism i kona pathogen.

Nā memo

ʻO ke kānāwai o Koch: ʻehā mau kumu no ka ʻike ʻana i nā pathogens i manaʻo ʻia e ka German microbiologist Koch, i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻoia i ka microorganism ka pathogen o kekahi maʻi.

Nā papahana hoʻomalu maʻi kanu

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi kanu ke hoʻololi i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea kanu, nā pathogens a me ke kaiapuni ma o ke komo ʻana o ke kanaka, hoʻemi i ka nui o nā pathogens, hoʻonāwaliwali i ko lākou pathogenicity, mālama a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi o nā mea kanu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kaiaola, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka. hoʻomalu i nā maʻi.

Nā hana hoʻomalu piha

I ka mana hoʻohui, pono mākou e lawe i ka mana mahiʻai ma ke ʻano he kumu, a me ke kumu kūpono a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ana o ka phytosanitary, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi, ka mālama olaola, ka hoʻomalu kino a me ka hoʻomalu kemika e like me ka manawa a me kahi, a mālama i nā mea maʻi he nui i ka manawa like. . Aia kēia mau ana:

Phytosanitary: pale i ka laha ʻana o nā pathogens me nā hua, nā mea kanu, etc.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka maʻi kūʻē: ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ʻano mea kūʻē i ka maʻi.
Ka mālama olaola: hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā ​​mea ola pono e hoʻomalu i nā maʻi.
Ka hoʻomalu kino: hoʻomalu i ka maʻi ma nā ʻano hana kino e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mahana a me ka haʻahaʻa.
Ka hoʻomalu kemika: hoʻohana kūpono i nā pesticides e hoʻomalu i nā maʻi.

Ma o ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i kēia mau hana hoʻomalu, hiki ke hoʻomalu pono ʻia ka maʻi, e hōʻemi ana i ka nalowale o nā mea kanu ma muli o nā maʻi maʻi.

Nā memo
Phytosanitary: Nā hana e pale aku ai i ka laha ʻana o nā pathogens me nā hua, nā mea kanu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e manaʻo ana e pale i nā kumu mea kanu a me ka palekana o ka hana mahiʻai.